References
(1) League of Nations
(1938) "The placing of children in families" Geneva,"it may therefore be regarded as an axiomatic principle of child care that
no child should be removed from the care of an otherwise competent parent when the granting of material aid would make
such removal unnecessary." (vol 1, page 8.)
(2) Child Welfare Act - Act No 17, 1939
(3) Child Welfare of NSW Training Manual 1958 pages 29-30.
(4) NSW Adoption of Children Act 1965 (clause 31 57 & 58)
(5) Proceedings of a Seminar - held on Friday 3rd February 1967 - Dept
Child and Social Welfare - Adoption Services in NSW 362-73/14 (proclaiming
the Adoption of Children Act 1965, Tuesday 7th Feb 1967) chapt. Social
Work and Adoption. Miss Mary Mcllelland M.A. Dip Soc. Studies.
(6) Official Journal of the Australian Institute of Hospital Administration -
Miss Pamela Roberts,
A.I.M.S.W. Medical Social Worker in Charge The Women’s Hospital Crown
Street Sydney. Vol.16 No.12. December 1968.
(7) "W" vs The State of NSW, Supreme Court of New South Wales 20th Sep '96
(8) Manual of Adoption Practice in New South
Wales, Childcare Committee of
NSW (AASW) 1971
(9) Law Reform Commission Report 69, Review of the Adoption of Children Act
1965(NSW) April 1992 page
128-129
(10)
"W" v State of New South Wales
1996 Supreme Court - re: Limitations Act
1969.) Judgement, Master Greenwood. 13 Dec 1996
(11) Dept
of Youth & Community Services -'Adoption: Options for Reform -
dated Sept 1985 Parliament of NSW 1984-5 NO.256 362.734 page 7 consent
to adoption, Govt Printers
(12)
Adoptions Australia
1991-92 Child Welfare Series No 4 Introduction page
3. Graham Angus/Katherine Wilkinson
Australian Institute of Health and
Welfare.
(13) The
Children’s Medical Research Foundation - as it was in the
beginning...The medical Journal of Australia Oct 28, 1985
p.376.
(14)
Women’s Hospital Crown Street
Sydney, Medical records.(evidenced
through medical records/reports)
(15) Bidermans
Chart of Coercion - Amnesty International
(16) Unmarried
Mothers - Allowances for Children. Dept Social Welfare, 27 aid
Maternity Allowance 1969 (report on 1968 benefit stats.)
(17) Health
Commission Policy on Adoption - Dr Friend (policy warning to all
hospitals within NSW in relation to forbidding contact between mother
and
child) circular No:82/297 September 1 1982. Roderick McEwin Chairman.
(18) 11th
Adoption Conference-"Social Issues of Today" 1969 Fish 362.05 3
(19) Royal
Commission on Human Relationships Final report vol 4 1977
(20) Public
Interest Advocacy Centre NSW (PIAC)
(21)
A Current Affair, August 30 1994
(Richard Chisholm-head Law Reform
Commission - Adoption review)
(22) Radio
National Women Outloud "I wanted to call her Hannah" (ref R
Chisholm, Dr G Rickarby). 1995
(23) Violations
of Women’s Human rights: birthmothers and adoption by
Kathleen Sherry BA,LLB (Hons) 1992
(unpublished paper on research
conducted on the Adoption Information Act 1990(NSW)
(24) Parental
Loss and Attempted Suicide; a Further Report, Brit Journ.
Psych 112 1966
(25)
Aust Journal of Social Work vol 20 February 1967. (a) The child, P
Roberts, Dip.Soc. Stud., C.I.M.S.W. Social Worker in Charge, Women's
Hospital Crown Street, Sydney NSW.
Sister Borromeo Mercy Family Life, Waitara NSW. Child Care Committee
A.A.S.W.(NSW Branch).
(26) Single
Mothers and Their Children: Disposal, Punishment and Survival in
Australia. Shurlee Swain and Renata Howe 1995 Cambridge Press
(27) Women's
Health in a Changing Society 1985 Conference Proceedings; Vol 2
A total eclipse of the heart. H Anderson, A Sharley, J Condon 1985
Adelaide. Public Health 613.0424/3/1 4-7 Sept 1985
(28) In
defence of adoption. M. McDonald, C Sutton, H. Dillon Healthright
Vol.5 no 1 1985
(29) First
Australian Conference on Adoption 1976. ch. Decisions about
Adoption - Uses and Abuses of the System. by Fr J. Davoren, Director
Catholic Social Welfare Commission NSW
(30) Unmarried
Mothers. Clark Vincent - Chapter V11 Mothers who kept and
mothers who gave up their babies. 1961 (research publication) The
Free
Press of Glencoe Inc (Cromwell-Collier Publishing Company).
(31) Exposing
Adoption Fraud, Self. 5th Adoption Conference 1994 (Has
Adoption a Future?) Benevolent Society of NSW
(32)
Joan Murray v Privy Council 1953
(33) Baby
K v Dept Child Welfare - Supreme Court of NSW (1973)
(34)
The Unmarried Mother in Our Society, chapter 23. Lakeside
Girls.(Shall I
look at my baby?) 1956 Sarah B Edlin. 362.72/3 Fisher Library
(35) Anniversary
Reactions, Jesse O Cavenar,jr.,M.D. Jean G. Spaulding,
M.D. Elliot B. Hammett M.D.
(36) Regulations
Forum NSW 1995. Dept of Community Services. (Q. Consent
of minor)
(37) Insight
Report on adoption, “When a baby is given away" Alexina Mary
McWhinnie MA.Phd.SW 16/10/67
(38) The
Mother Machine by Gena Corea, Harper & Rowe 1985
"Economic loss,
social ostracism, ridicule, are all recognised by law in
varying contexts as coercive forces because in a social
animal the need for
approval and acceptance will almost always be equated
with its very
survival", Gaylin wrote. To the unconscious, he continued,
death can be
seen as isolation, loss of love, rejection from the
family group, or social
humiliation.
People may resist the notion that emotional coercion
can be as powerful as
physical coercion, Gaylin observed, because it threatens our belief that
we are logical, autonomous and in control of our actions.
"But of course",
Raymond comments, 'social controllers have been well
known for
convincing the individual that he/she is in control."
(39) Adoption
Kit - Practice and Resources for Social Workers, NSW Committee
on Adoption 1992
(40) Adoption
Research, Donald Brieland. Child Welfare, Vol 38, March 1959,
1-5
(41) Williams
v The Minister 35 NSWLR 497
(42)
Brisbane South Regional Authority v Taylor 1996 70 aljr 886 2/10/1996
(43) Background
Paper for the Minister of Community and Health Services on
Issues relating to Historical Adoption Practices in Tasmania - Ann
Cunningham LLB(hons) 4 December 1996
(44) Some
Aspects of Research in the Field of Adoption- Maev O'Collins BA
Dip.Soc S. SW Catholic Family Welfare Bureau Melb. AJSW VOL19 No1
1966
(45)
Historical Context of the Adoption Crisis in New South Wales, Aust
Soc.Work, Vol,29 No 4, Dec 1976
(46) The
Unwed Mother editor Robert W Roberts, circa 1969 Chapter 8 "Are we
stereotyping the unmarried mother" by Rose Bernstein chapter "Denial"
(47) Review
of Adoption Policy and Practice in NSW by A. Marshall 1984
(48) Adoptive
Families in Distress by Dr Geoffrey Rickarby,Lee,Said & Egan.
Aust J of Social Work Vol 16 No 1 1981
(49) Pregnant
Adolescents; Communicating the Adoption Option -Edmund V
Mech Child Welfare League of America.1984-5
(50) Adoption's
Impact on Birthmothers: Can a Mother Forget Her Child? by
LaVonne H. Stiffler. Jn. of Psychol/Christian V.10 No.3 1991 Florida
(51)
A thought for the unmarried father. Sunday Tele 5/2/67 Miss Mary
McLelland.
(52) Psychological
disability in women who relinquish a baby for adoption.
paper by John T. Condon (Medical Journal of Aust.) Vol 144 Feb 3 1986
(53) Clinical
Practice in Adoption by Winkler,Brown,Van Keppel & Blanchard
362.734/12 1988
(54) Family
Secrets - What You Don’t Know Can Hurt You. by J. Bradshaw
(55) Newcastle
Tribune The Lost Years interview with Dr G Rickarby.15/6/96
(56) The
Primal Wound: Understanding the Adopted Child by Nancy Verrier
(Gateway press) Baltimore 1994
(57) Post
Traumatic Stress Disorders in Birthmothers by Sue Wells
(conf. Amsterdam) Adoption and Fostering Vol 17 No 2 1993
(58) Adoption
- A panel discussion. 1956 (paediatrics) vol 20 '57,
(59) Adopting
Children A.D. Bridges, Minister for Child Welfare and Social
Welfare NSW Syd. Morn. Herald 1965
"There
are many children to be adopted here, mainly aboriginal
children.....everyone of them surrendered
for adoption, everyone of
them unwanted."
(60) Relinquishing
Mothers in Adoption - Their Long Term Adjustment, R.
Winkler, M Vankeppel Melbourne Institute of Family Studies Monograph No
3 1984
(61) Are
Adopted Children Especially Vulnerable to Stress? D Kirk. 1966
Archives of General Psychiatry,14,291-298. 9 Med Lib. 616.805/24
(62) Observation
on Adopted Children. Marshall.D Shechter 1960. Archives of
General Psychiatry,3,21- 32.(Med.lib. 616.805/24)
(63) Family
Psychiatry and the Selection of Adoptive Parents by Geoff
Rickarby. Australian Social Work - vol 31 no 2. June 1978
(64) Issues
of Preventative Work with Adopted Adolescents, by G A Rickarby
& Pauline Egan. Med. Journal Aust. 1980 1:470-472
(65)
The Politics of Adoption by Joss Shawyer, Healthright vol5 No 1
Nov 1985
(66) Thoughts
Regarding the Etiology of Psychological Difficulties in Adopted
Children, Dr Povl W Toussieng MD. 1962. Child Welfare,41,59-65 (Fisher
ref.3622. 705/11)
(67)
Adopted babies to get new deal - Telegraph 25/3/1965 Wallace Crouch
(68) "The
Painful Legacy of Adoption" Louise Bellamy Melbourne Age 30.6.93
(69)
"Emotional Impact of Surrender" Kim Butterfield, Rutgers
Uni. Cub
Communicator 1996
2000 Walker Street DesMoines Iowa US
(70)
"The Psychology of the Adopted Child" Florence Clothier, Mental Hygiene
Vol XXV11, 1943.
(71)
"Kidnapped: adoption scandal revealed" Julie Delvecchio SMH 11/6/96
(72)
"The Baby Snatchers" Delvecchio and Hatfield Agenda SMH 12/6/96
(73) "Psychological
Processes of Childbearing" Joan Raphael-Leff, Chapman
and Hall London 1991 Ch 28 "adoption".
(74) "Adopted
Children, How they grow up" by Alexina Mary McWhinnie. 1967
Routlage & Kegan (Fisher research 136.769/1)
(75) "Around
Adoption" newsletter by Adoptive Parents Association NSW Inc.
issue 51 (Tribute to Renate Tankard page 8, by Pam Thorne
3/4/96)
(76) Psychopharmacology of Sleep David Wheatley M.A. M.D.,M.R.C. Psych
Raven Press N.Y. (Pentobarbitone)
(77) Pharmacology Drugs Affecting Behaviour by Conan Kornetsky Boston
Uni School of Med, Boston Wiley Interscience Publications(med
Lib Syd
Uni 615.78 68) Pentobarbitone - barbiturates.
(78) Mylers Sides Effects of Drugs, An Encyclopedia of Adverse Reactions
and Interactions M.N.G. Dukes M.D.,M.A.,LLB. Exerpta Medica
Amsterd.
(79)
"Pentobarbitone" December 1991 Alphapharm Pty Ltd 12 Crown Street
Glebe 2037 A.C.N. 002 359 739 (hypnotic barbiturates)
(80) Suicide Explained:The Australian Experience Riaz Hassan '95
(81) Reg.of Births Deaths & Marriages NSW Aug 1994 Adoptions 1930-1990
NSW
(82) Streamlining adoption procedures John Boulton (hospital doctor),
Subiaco 12/6/72 Australian. re: the average
couple's wait.
(83) Adoption: fact and fancy SMH 9/9/71
(84) Law to stop baby sales, Sun
3/2/67
(85) Machine helps to pick a parent by John Yeomans Daily Tele 13/2/67 & Sun
15/2/67
(86) Power of the law protects the fatherless by K Perkins, Daily Tele 27-
31/1/67
(87) Rising number of adoptions, Minister says. SMH 4/2/67
(88) New Law to stop the black-market. Aust 12/6/65
(89) Playing God - with a child's life. Choosing the parents. Insight Report
Daily Mirror 17/10/67
(90) These children need parents (but adoptions a slow business).
Background- Charles Gilbert. Syd Morning Herald 12/2/68
(91) So you want to adopt a baby? SMH 18/4/68
(92) Please give me back my baby, says Julie. Daily Mirror nov '71
(93) Giving a few little people a loving start in life, by April Hershey Sun
Herald 28/1/67
(94) Baby's risk deters parents 2/12/72 defects (the Australian)
(95) Checking on the adopted child's
mind by Isabelle Lucas 3/12/72
Sun
(96) (96) Coloured babies - nobodies children? Syd Morn Herald 5/7/1973
(97) 3 lovely babies (but too old for adoption) by Bonneur D Mirror 4/1/72
(98) Many teenage mothers give up children Sydney Morn Her. 10/3/73
(99) The adoption business "Our babies arrived!" Aust. 3/2/72
(100) Emotional
Problems in the Adoptee. Marshall D Schecter, Paul V Carlson,
James Q Simmons Henry H work, Ach. Gen Psych 10 1964
(101) About
Adoptive Parents, in, "Parenthood; Its Psychology and
Psychopathology by Marshall D. Schecter,E. James Anthony and
Therese
Benedek: Little, Brown and Company, Boston 1970
(102) Discussion:
Adoptive Anxiety, Adoptive Rage and Adoptive Guilt.Martin
A Silverman. Int J of Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy, Vol
11,1985-6
(103) Identity
Conflicts in Adoptees, Sorosky Baran & Pannor Amer.J.
Orthopsychiatry 45(1) Jan 1975
(104) Working
with Adoptive Families Joanne W Small, Public Welfare 45 '87
(105) Adoption
Ambivalance and Mourning: clinical and theoretical inter-
relationships by Paul Brinich, Adoption and Fostering Vol
14, No 1 1990
(106) Andrew
You Died Too Soon: A Family Experience of Grieving and Living
Again, Corrine Chilstrom. Augsburg Minneapolis 1993
(107) Complications
in Therapy with Adopted Children - Bernice T. Eidson,
Jean B Livermore American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 23 1953
(108) Parental
Loss and Attempted Suicide: A Further Report S. Greer. British
J Psych 112, 1966
(109) An
Individual at Risk? Juliet Harper, Aust Social Work vol39, No 1 1986
(110) Post
World War 11 - Influence of Clean Break Theory, in Access to Adult
Adoption Information 1989
(111) Unsuccessful
Adoptions: a study of 40 cases who attended a child
guidance clinic. Br
Jour Med Psychol, 41 1968
(112) Genealogical
Bewilderment in Children with Substitute Parents H.J.
Sants, British Journ of Medical Psychology vol 37, 1964
(113) An
Ethnographic Study of Pregnancy Counselling. Patrick A. Curtis,
Ph.D. Clinical Social Work Journal, Vol. 18, No.13, Fall 1990
"Suprisingly, workers complained about pressure from social
workers who
work with adoptive parents. One worker said, "I feel
there is an
expectation that we get those mothers into an adoption
programme.
Especially white girls. There is subtle pressure to
produce babies. So
where are we going to get them? Such pressure can put
them into conflict
with their own goals. One worker complained, "The better
I get at my job,
the less mothers are willing to relinquish. I get them
to face their feelings
of loss, then they can't do it. That gets the adoption
workers angry
because there are no babies to adopt." This can result
in hurt feelings
and mixed loyalties. As one worker said, "When I talk
to the adoption
staff about a mother and then she decides against relinquishing
her baby, I feel I have let them down."
(114) A
study of adoptive mothers in a child guidance clinic, Social Casework,
vol 50, No 10, Dec 1969
(115) Clinical
Practice in Adoption, Robin C Winkler, Pergamon Press 1988 Ch
4. Birth parents.
(116) How
these two women drew the winners of our adoption lottery. by Geoff
Strong. Sunday Age 4/8/94
(117) Death
by Adoption by Joss Shawyer. Cicada Press 1979 Chapter Ruth
(118) Journey
of the Adopted Self - a quest for wholeness. Betty Jean Lifton.
Basic Books Harper Collins
(119) Child
Care and the Growth of Love by John Bowlby, Pelican Books 1953.
(120) Secret
Life of the Unborn Child Dr Thomas Verney with John Kelly 1981
Sphere books limited
(121)
The Adopted Family - Florence
Rondell and Ruth Michaels Crown
Publishers 1951
(122) Single
and Pregnant by Ruth Pierce. Beacon Press 1970
(123) Adoption
and After by Louise Raymond 1955 Harper and Rowe
(124) Understanding
Adoption A Practical Guide Edited by Rosie Snow.
Fontana/Collins 1983
(125) Yours
by Choice - A guide for adoptive parents Jane Rowe 1959,1969,
1982 Routlage and Keagan
(126) Adoption
by Margaret Kornitzer 1958
(127) Psychological
Adjustment of Relinquishing Mothers Before and After
Reunion With Their Children, Jeff Field Aust & New Zealand Journal of
Psychiatry 1992 26:232-241
(128) Solomons
Mothers: A Special Case of Pathological Bereavement, Leverett
Millen Ph.D. and Samuel Roll Ph.D. 1985 American Orthopsychiatric
Association Inc- Amer. Journal July 1985 55(3)
(129) Adoptive
Families Referred for Psychiatric Advice, 11 The Parents.
Michael Humphrey and Christopher Ounsted - Brit. J. Psychiat.
110,549-
555
130) Adoptive
Family System Dynamics: Variations by Level of Openness in the
Adoption. Harold D. Grtevant Ph.D. Ruth G.McRoy M.S.W. Ph.D. Carol
L. Elde M.A. Deborah Lewis Fravel M.S. Family Process, vo l33
June 1994 (NSW Committee on Adoption and Permanent Care)
(131)Maternal
Care and Mental Health - A report on behalf of the World Health
Organisation as a contribution to the United Nations programme for
the
welfare of homeless children - by John Bowlby M.A., M.D. World Health
Organisation Monograph Series No 2 GENEVA 1952. Chapter 10, Illegitimacy
and Deprivation p. 93-100. (NB. the catalyst introducing support
and
financial assistance being made available to enable unwed mothers to keep
their children out of institutions. as per Child Welfare of NSW
adoption
manual 1958 NSW.)
`It may perhaps be that, in some cases, encouraging her to take
responsibility for her baby will help her become a more responsible
citizen,
but to act on the assumption that this is always the case is not
only to be
unrealistic but to be socially irresponsible ourselves. For it is
a very
serious thing to condemn a child to be parked in an endless succession
of
foster-homes or to be brought up in an institution when there are
long
waiting lists of suitable parents wishing to adopt children.
Hitherto most nations have preferred to forget the existence of
illegitimate
children or, in so far as they have aided them, it has been too
little too
late. If a community is to remove this source of deprived children,
it will
have to be more realistic in its handling of the problem, both by
providing
economic and psychological assistance to the unmarried mother to
enable her to care
for her child and by providing skilled services to arrange for
the adoption of those children who cannot be so cared for.'
..................................
Chapter
14, p.149
[ Finally let the reader reflect for a moment on the astonishing
practice
which has been followed in maternity wards - of separating
mothers and
babies immediately after birth - and ask himself whether this
is the way to
promote a close mother-child relationship. It is to be hoped
that this
aberration of western society will never be copied by the
so-called less-
developed countries]
(132) Overrepresentation
of Adopted Children Attending Children's Mental
Health Centre. Lawrence Jerome M.B.,Ch.B. F.R.C.P.(C) Canadian J
Psychiatry Vol31, August 1986
(133) Loss
of Your Mother Is More Than Loss of a Mother. Martin Reite M.D.
Conny Seiler, and Robert Short M.S. America J. Psych 135.3
March'78
(134) The
Grieving Child; Manifest and Hidden Losses in Childhood and
Adolescence Judith Mischne, Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal Vol
9, No 6 Dec1992 D.S.W.
1992 Human Sciences Press
(135) How
they fared in adoption: a follow-up study Benson Jaffe & David
Fanshel (Fisher 362.73/73 1970
(136) Antisocial
Behaviour in Adoptees: Patterns and Dynamics, David
Kirshner Ph.D. Linda S. Nagel M.A. Child and Adolescent Social
Work
Volume 5. No 4. Winter 1988
(137) The
Dark Side of Adoption - The third Hilda Lewis Memorial Lecture,
Child Adoption 63 No1 of 1971 5362.7306/1
(138) Adoptive
Parenthood: A Hazardous Adventure? Alfred Kadushen, Social
Work,11, p30-39 1966 (Fisher research 360.5/33)
(139) Shedding
Light on the Dark Side of Adoption - Chap. Adoptees; A
Population at Risk by Marsha (now Mira) Riben Pub.1988 Harlo Detroit
(140) Some
Characteristics of Adoptive Parents, Alice M. Leary The American
Journal of Sociology,38, p548- 563 (Fisher research 305/24)
(141) Personality
Patterns in unmarried mothers. Family Services Association
of America, Understanding the Psychology of the Unmarried Mother, New
York, Leontine Young 1947
(142) Origins
newsletters issues 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.10,11,12,13, Personal
accounts, feelings and experiences of mothers separated from
their
children. P.O. Box 33 Dulwich Hill Sydney 2203 tel. (02) 9560-8808
(143) Inner
Space Junk, Dr Averil Earnshaw. 1992 Syd Morn Herald re;
anniversary reactions to unresolved grief. Journalist Jennifer Cooke
(144) The
Adoption Process provided by Centacare 1993 re: specific readiness
signs for birthparents.(denotes being ready to sign adoption
papers) You
may be ready if:" (h). You like yourself! You have a sense
of humour!"
(145) Adoption
in the 1980's Margaret McDonald. Current Affairs Bulletin
(146) Royal
Commission on Human Relationships. Final Report Vol 4 Part V The
Family (Mitchell Library)
(147)
The Girls Who Give Up Their Babies. by Anne Dupre The Sun
27/11/73
(148) Women's
Health in a Changing Society. 1975 Conference Commonealth
Dept of Health. Problems of the Single Pregnant Girl, Dr Monika
Allen
Brookfield Qld, 103/79 Uni of Sydney Library
(149)
Unmarried Mothers in Australia: a review, Benjamin Schlesinger. Aust
Journal of Social Issues 1973 Vol 8 No.1
(150)
Some Characteristics of a Sample of Melbourne Single Mothers, Eve
Meridith and Patricia Brotherton. Aust SocialWork Vol. 27,
No.1 March
1974 Fisher Lib 360.5/10
(151) Social
Factors Associated with the Decision to Relinquish a Baby for
Adoption. Jake M Najman, John Morrison, J Douglas Keeping Margaret J
Anderson, Gail M Williams 1990. Community Health Studies.
vol XIV, No
2. Nursing 614.405/3
(152) Unwed
Mothers and the Adoption Market: Psychological and Familial
Factors. Clark E. Vincent State University of Iowa. Marriage and Family
Living 22 112-118, May 1960
(153)
Unwanted Babies - how they pick the new parents. Anne Dupre, The
Sun 28/11/73 Mr
Harry O'Brien, Administrative Officer (adoptions) at the
Dept of Child Welfare and Social Welfare says:
"The mother and father who want a baby to replace
a natural child who
has died are unlikely to be approved as
adoptive parents. The adopted
child would have the burden of comparison,
particularly if it didn't
develop along the lines they anticipated",
he said. "Natural children
may disappoint their parents but with an
adopted child you have a
ready-made get-out if you feel dispose to
take it. If it's your own child
you can blame no-one but yourself. It's
your blood and it's your
rearing; the total product is yours. If
a child is adopted and you want a
way out you can say "well, you're not my child."
(154) Adopted
Children Admitted to Residential Psychiatric Care. Juliet
Harper and Sara Williams. Aust Journal of Social Issues 1976
Vol 11 No 1
(155) Midwifery
care of the grieving mother: how the decisions are made
Rosemary Mander Midwifery (1991) 7.135-147 Longman Group UK
Ltd
(156) Proceedings.
Adoptions - A Panel Discussion - Committee on Adoption,
Long Island Jewish Hospital. Annual Meeting 1956 (Paediatrics vol 20,1957
Bosch) (a) Adoption as a National Problem Katherine Bain M.D.,
and
Martha M. Eliot M.D. Childrens Bureau, Department of Health,
Education
and Welfare, United States
Government. (b) Adoption and Law By Hon.
Justine Wise Polier.
Judge, Domestic Relations Court, New York City.
1956
(157) Unmarried
Mothers. Chapter 7 - Those who kept and those who gave up
their babies, sub. Applicability and Implications of the Study.
Clark E.
Vincent, The Free Press of Glencoe Inc 1961. (Results of a
study on which
social work beliefs and the Adoption of Children Act 1965
was based.)
(158) Adoption
and Suicide - Is There A Connection? Wendy Jacobs. Poster
presentation at the X1X Congress of the International Association
for
Suicide Prevention, Adelaide, S.A., March 23-27,1997
(159) Mary Lewis. Unmarried Mothers. Australian Association Welfare Workers National Conference Social Worker Catholic Family Welfare Bureau, Sydney 1965
(160) "Mother
Donit Fore the Best" Correspondence of a Nineteenth-Century
Orphan Asylum by Judith A. Dulberger, Syracuse 1996, Suggested
reading p.201. "The New Orphanages" in U.S. News and World Report
109, no.14 (1990): 37-41, suggests that group homes
and residential
treatment centres may well be the wave of the future
in providing the
constancy of care and the safe haven for needy children
that the foster
care system has failed to provide."
(161) Attachment
and Loss by John Bowlby, Basic Books 1969-1980
(162) The
Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds by John Bowlby,
Tavistock Publications 1979
(163) Open
Adoption as Standard Practice, By Reubon Pannor, Annette
Baran. May-June 1984 Child Welfare League of America. Chapter Past and
Future Issues.
"Why were we adoption professionals not more critical of our practice?
During the 1940's and 50's we were relinquishment-oriented.
Social
workers felt that they had failed in their jobs if too many
mothers chose to
rear their children. In defending our practice, we put the
onus on the
birthparents, whom we labelled "disturbed" if they fought
the pressures of
relinquishment. We supported the needs of the adoptive parents,
whom we
saw as the primary clients.
(164) Wake
Up Little Suzie- Single Pregnancy And Race Before Roe v. Wade,
Rickie Solenger, Routlage,Chapman and Hall 1992
"Many administrators worried that the illegitimate
babies were in great
demand,"
and government social service workers felt helpless to protect
mothers and children adequately. The Salvation
Army, which had been
providing shelter and services to unwed
mothers for more than fifty
years, noted in the postwar years that,
"There is an unprecedented bid
for the child of the unmarried mother."
The Army was particularly
concerned that their role was being "usurped"
by adoption agencies."
(165) Is
Money Our Trouble? Leontine Young, paper presented at the National
Conference of Social Workers Cleveland 1953.
(166) Psychology
of Attachment/Separation, B.A.van der Kolk, Psychiatric
Times/Medicine and Behaviour, April 1987,p4 Q210
"Closeness between humans is not just a learned behaviour;
it has
biological roots as well. Studies in primates show that
if the normal
mothering process is interrupted by isolating the mother
and
infant from each other, the infants brain does not develop
normally. For
example, the number and the sensitivity of the infant
brain receptor sites
for endorphin’s - the internal morphine-like chemicals
that affect mood -
are diminished. In all mammalian species, if the mother
and infant
are separated the infant emits some type of distress
cry which evokes
complementary behaviours in the mother."
(167) Social
Work in Adoption Collected Papers. Edited by Robert Tod Forward
Joan Cooper - Chief Inspector Children’s Dept Home Office.
1971, UNSW
362.734 18
"The concept that the unmarried mother and her child
constitute a family
to me, is unsupportable. There is no family in
any real sense of the
word."
(168) Meaning
and Medicine- Larry Dossey M.D. Chapter Broken Hearts
p92-93
"A few hundred years ago "grief" was openly recognised
as a cause of
death. Today, however, a broken heart would never
be listed as a cause
of death in any U.S. hospital. We have grown far too “medically
wise" to
tolerate such an ill-defined diagnosis. An example
of the biological
consequences of broken bonds and isolation early
in life is the legendary
story of Frederick 11, ruler of Sicily in the 13th century, retold by
Lynch in "The Broken Heart". Frederick believed that all men were born
with a common language, presumably an ancient
one such as Hebrew. To
test his theory, he separated newborn infants
from their natural mothers
and gave them to foster mothers. He commanded
these foster mothers to
care for the babies physically but never to speak
to them, in order to
learn what language they would naturally speak.
The experiment was a
failure - all the children died."
(169) Adoption
by Viola W. Bernard M.D. Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and
Director Division of Community Psychiatry Columbia University. Chief
Psychiatric Consultant, Louise Wise Services. page 70-73,1964
457/125
"Shouldn't agencies make every effort to encourage natural
parents, both
married couples and unwed mothers, to keep their
children, in order to
prevent psychic trauma from permanent separation?"
(170) Sacred
Bond - Motherhood Under Siege, Surrogacy adoption and
custody. by Phyllis Chesler. (Legacy of Baby M.) Virago 1990
"Homes for unwed mothers were created - places where
women could
secretly surrender their "children of shame."
Now, adoption began to
change from placing a child who had no mother
to separating a child from
her birthmother in order to place her elsewhere.
This was a way of
manufacturing orphans"
Court Judgement.(Baby
M)
"It seems to us that given her predicament, Mrs
Whitehead was rather
harshly judged - both by the trial court
and by some of the experts. She
was guilty of a breach of contract, and
indeed, she did break a very
important promise, but we think it is expecting
something well beyond
normal human capabilities to suggest that
this mother should have
parted with her newly born infant without
a struggle. Other than
survival, what stronger force is there?
We do not know of and cannot conceive of, any other
case where a perfectly fit mother was expected
to
surrender her newly born infant, perhaps
forever, and was told she was
a bad mother because she did not."
(171) The
Church and the Unmarried Mother by A Psychiatrist. Presbyterian
Church of Australia. Queen Victoria Hospital for Women and Babies late
1960's.
(172) The
natural parents needs after placement of her child: by Miss M.
Nicholas. Course for Adoption Workers 1966, Anglican
Adoption Agency -
Carramar Home.
(173)
Social Workers Report. 24th May 1966. Queen Victoria Hospital. N.
Steinbeck. SOCIAL WORKER.
(174) MEETING
OF REPRESENTATIVES OF UNMARRIED MOTHERS HOSTELS,
HELD AT QUEEN VICTORIA HOSPITAL 27.5.75
(175) Report
of Meeting of Representatives of Unmarried Mothers Hostels held
11.8.75 at Queen Victoria Hospital.
(176) Some
Traumatic Effects of Separation and Placement by Ner Littner
M.D. illinois Children’s Home and Aid Society, Chicago. Child Welfare
League of America, Inc. October 1956. 263.73 69.
(177) Children
In Need by Donald Mclean - An account of the administration
and functions of the Child Welfare Department, New South Wales,
Australia: with an examination of the principles involved in helping
deprived and wayward children. Foreword and endorsement by
The Hon.
R. J. Heffron, Deputy Premier and Minister for Education in
NSW,
Sydney: A.H. Pettifer Government Printers 1956. 38009-1. p.53 & 54.
(see also Child Welfare in NSW social work training manual
1958).
(178) SOCIAL
SERVICE Journal of the Council of Social Service of New South
Wales. Implementing the Adoption of Children Act. by W.Langshaw. Dip.
Soc.Stud. Deputy Director, Department of Child and Social
Welfare. Vol.18, No 2. 1966.
(179) Social Service. Journal of the Council of Social Service of New South
Wales. Some of the Needs of the Unmarried Mother Who Keeps Her Child.
by Pamela Roberts Social Worker Woman’s Hospital Crown Street Sydney.
Vol20,No.1 July/August 1968.
(180) Adoption
- From the Point of View Of the Natural Parents. by Sister
Mary Berromeo R.S.M.,B.A., Dip.Soc.Wk. 1968.
(181) Birthmothers:
Silent Relationships by Makine Weinreb and Varda
Konstam. Affilia, Vol.10. No 3. Fall 1995 315-327 1995 Sage
Publications.
This article reports on interviews with eight women who surrendered
their
babies for adoption. The interviews revealed that depression,
isolation,
and feelings of relational disconnection characterised the experience of
relinquishing their
babies and continued to reverberate throughout the
woman’s lives.
(182) Adopting
a Child Today by Rael Jean Isaac, with Joseph Spencer Legal
Consultant. Publ. Harper and Row 1965 USA
Why Girls Become Unmarried Mothers
(183) Australian
Childhood, A History by Jan Kociumbas. Allen Unwin
"Taking the neglected or illegitimate child away from
its mother in infancy
and making it a permanent possession of approved
parents was the
ultimate solution to the problem of how to set
about cost cutting, long
term child removal and foster care. This was all the more viable now that
the medical definition of female mental health
in terms of hygienic
motherhood guaranteed a surfeit of applications
from wedded but
childless mothers desperate to prove their normality
by fostering
and `curing' an unwanted child."
(184) Blaming
the Victim, by Lillian Ryan. Pantheon Books, A Division of
Random House, New
York, 1971.(185) Death by Adoption by Joss Shawyer, chapter, 18 Ruth (Social
Worker)
p.256-258, 282, Cicada Press 1979
"She'd knitted an exquisite trousseau for her baby and was giving the
child
up, of her own volition, with fearful agony. And when the chosen
adopting
parents came in to collect the baby and the deal was transacted
from my
point of view and I was part of the handing over of the baby and
also this
exquisite trousseau, I had to hear this lady say, "Ooh, I couldn't
take
anything from her." And that was the first time I began to really
think
about who these people were, how they were selected, or what was
happening in a big life situation.........I did say to her "You
are taking
everything from her."
(186)Illegitimacy
in the Next Decade: Trends and Implications, by Dr Clarke
E. Vincent. 26/5/64. Child Welfare, Vol 43,pt2, 513-520
(187)Adoption
- Annotations. The Lancet. November 2.1968.pg961
(188)Utilising
the Strengths of Unwed Mothers in the AFDC Program. Rene
Berg,D.S.W.. Child Welfare vol.43, July 1964,333-339.
(189)Letter
to Attorney Frank Walker from Minister for Community Services,
Mr Rex Jackson. 1977.
(190)The
Role of the Private Adoption Agency in New South Wales. by
Elizabeth Thompson. Aust Journal of Social Issues 1971. Volume 6,
No.1
(200)Adoption
in New South Wales - an historical
perspective. J. McHutchison
(unpublished) Hansard Extracts 1985.
(201)About
Adoption by Marjorie Bull. Aust. Journal of Social Work Vol 20,
No.1. Feb 1967
(202)Reflections
of Crown Street by Lyn
Stoker. Aust Social Work June 1985,
Vol.38.No.2
(203)Adoption
and Abortion: A Comment, by Elspeth Browne. B.A.Dip. Soc. Stud. Australian Social
Work March 1977
(204)Proceedings
of Second Australian Conference on Adoption. Melbourne
May 1978. Chapter, The Rights of Relinquishing Parents. Victoria
Mather,
Pregnancy Help, Brisbane pg 107.
(205)Human
Rights Commission Report No. 23. Review of the Adoption of
Children Ordinance 1965. 346.9470178 1/1 Fisher L.
(206)Human
Rights Commission Discussion Paper No.5, Rights of Relinquishing
Mothers to Access to Information concerning their Adopted Children.
Dr
Cathy McDermott, July 1984. LQ.KN176.1. M1 1
(207)Understanding
the Psychology of the Unmarried Mother. The Family -
Journal of Social Casework. 968/9. The Unmarried Mothers Decision
about
her Baby. Leontine R. Young 1947
(208) The
Adoption of Infants and the Role of an Adoption Advisory Clinic in
New South Wales. by Ferry Grunseit. Children’s Department, Prince of
Wales Hospital, Sydney. The Medical Journal of Australia. April 28, 1973
1:851-858
(209)Drugs
issue that's been `swept under the carpet' Hornsby Advocate.Jan
14 1998. DES now affecting a third generation. (re Stilboestrol)
(210)Maternal
and Infant Drugs and Nursing Intervention. Editors E.J.
Dickason R.N.,M.A., M.A.Shultz R.N.,M.A., E.M. Morris,R.N.,M.A.
(re Stilboestrol).
(211)Royal
Woman’s Hospital Annual Report MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK Valerie
Douglas Senior Social Worker 1968
(212)
Presentation to approved Adoptive Applicants 18/6/84 Unknown SW.
(213)Baby
shortage is traumatic for adoptive couples CHILD CARE WEEK -Val
22
Sept 1972 Mirror
(214)No
Child is Unadoptable - Address to General Meeting Children's Welfare
Association of Victoria Friday October 27 1972, by the Rev. Graeme Gregory, B.A., Dip. Soc. Stud. M.S.W. Director
Methodist Department of
Child Care [LTP 362.734 386N]
(215)Letter
not for Publication, Benevolent Society of New South Wales 26
August 1994 David Richmond, Executive Director.
(216)Psychiatry
the Ultimate Betrayal by Bruce Wiseman. Chapt. The Mental
Hygiene Movement. Freedom Publishing Los Angeles 1995
A Sanctioned Evil
Dian P. Wellfare Copyright © 1997
Origins Incorporated. NSW
P.O. W18
Fairfield West
NSW 2165
